12. Scripture
Scripture is a primary source in theological writing. Scripture is cited in a different way from most other works. Biblical citations must ordinarily appear in footnotes rather than in-text parenthetical references.
12.1 Bible Versions
When they cite Scripture, students must clearly indicate which English translation they use (for example, ESV, NIV, NASB, KJV).
Unless otherwise specified, identify the Bible version at its first occurrence in the paper or in a preliminary note. Later references can assume the same version.
Example (first occurrence):
Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations are taken from the English Standard Version (ESV).
12.2 Footnoting Scripture Citations
Biblical references must ordinarily appear in footnotes. Footnotes can accompany either a quotation of Scripture or a reference to its teaching.
Format:
Footnote number. Book Abbreviation Chapter:Verse–Verse.
Example:
The Servant bears the iniquities of many.1
1. Isa 53:4-6.
“Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest”.2
2. Matt 11:28.
Format longer Scripture quotations (five lines or more) as block quotations without quotation marks, followed by the reference.
Book names can be abbreviated according to standard conventions (for example, Gen, Exod, Ps, Isa, Matt, Rom).
12.3 Scripture in Footnotes
Scripture can also be used in footnotes when you compare multiple translations, comment on a specific rendering, or cite Scripture alongside secondary sources.
Example (footnote):
- See Isa 53:11 (ESV), where the Servant is said to “make many to be accounted righteous,” a rendering that affirms the forensic nature of justification taught throughout Scripture.
12.4 Multiple Passages and Ranges
Use en dashes for verse ranges. Use commas or semicolons to separate multiple references.
Examples:
- Matt 5:3–12
- Rom 8:1, 10–11
- Gen 1:1–2:3; John 1:1–5
12.5 Scripture in the Bibliography
Individual biblical passages are not listed in the bibliography.
A particular Bible translation used throughout the paper can be included in the bibliography.
Example (Bibliography Entry):
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version. Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2016.