14. Classical theological works

Classical and patristic theological works (for example, Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, Athanasius) are cited in a different way from modern books. These works are normally referenced by book, chapter, section, question, or article number, rather than by page number, because pagination varies by edition.

Cite standard, widely used English editions. Where multiple editions exist, identify the edition used at first citation.

14.1 First (Full) Footnote Citation

The first citation must include the author, the title of the work, the internal division being cited, and the publication details of the edition used.

Format:

Footnote number. Author, Title section.subdivision, trans. Name (Place: Publisher, Year).

Examples:

1. Augustine, Confessions 8.12, trans. Henry Chadwick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
2. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I–II, q. 109, art. 6, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947).
3. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion 3.11.2, trans. Ford Lewis Battles, ed. John T. McNeill (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960).

14.2 Shortened Footnote Citations

After the first citation, shortened references can be used. Titles can be abbreviated where clarity permits.

Format:

Footnote number. Author Last Name, Shortened Title, book/chapter/section reference.

Examples:

1. Augustine, Confessions, 8.12.
2. Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I–II, q. 109, art. 6.
3. Calvin, Institutes, 3.11.5.

14.3 Immediately Repeated Citations (Ibid.)

When the same work and division are cited in consecutive footnotes, use Ibid. Add the new internal reference if it is different.

Example:

1. Ibid., 3.11.6.

14.4 Classical Works in the Text

Classical theological works can be cited parenthetically in the text with standard abbreviations when the reference is brief.

Examples:

• Augustine’s account of conversion highlights the bondage of the will (Conf. 8.12).
• Justification is treated extensively by Calvin (Inst. 3.11.1–6).

14.5 Bibliography

Classical and patristic works must normally be included in the bibliography. Identify the specific edition used in a clear way.

Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Edited or translated by Editor/Translator Name. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.

Examples:

1. Augustine. Confessions. Translated by Henry Chadwick. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
2. Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Translated by the Fathers of the English Dominican Province. New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947.
3. Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. Edited by John T. McNeill. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1960.